“Top 500” 1992-2001 WWF/WCW/ECW Wrestlers who have died

Over the last ten years, an inordinate number of wrestlers have passed away. Some of those deaths may, in part, have been caused by drugs and alcohol.

- Vince McMahon’s letter to performers with a prior WWE booking contract offering drug/alcohol rehabilitation at a certified treatment center chosen by WWE (8/1/08)

Less than two weeks after WWE star Eddie Guerrero died suddenly in Minneapolis, Minnesota on November 13, 2005, WWE CEO Vince McMahon addressed the locker room talent during a European tour. The conversation was taped and posted the WWE website. Vince explained that the company was instituting a new drug policy to address drugs of abuse, performance enhancing drugs and steroids. There would be unannounced testing and that testing would be frequent. He also said the policy would apply to “all individuals who are under full-time contracts in WWE”.

A few weeks later, the death certificate for Eddie Guerrero was released by the Hennepin County Medical Examiner’s Office in December 2015. The official cause of Guerrero’s death was listed as “heart attack due to heart disease caused by a lengthy history of anabolic steroid usage and recent usage of narcotics medication”. Once again, steroid and painkiller abuse claimed another pro-wrestler’s life. Guerrero was only 38 years old.

Within a few months, the modern “Talent Wellness Program” was formally implemented.

By the end of 2001, the wrestling landscape for North American completely changed. World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) folded. The Monday Night Wars ended. WWE stood victorious.

However, behind the scenes, scores of professional wrestlers continued to pass away at a young age.

Using CageMatch.net, I combined all of the WWF (as it was then known), WCW and ECW shows from January 1992 through December 2001. That included more than 45,000 matches and several thousand wrestlers and managers. Over the decade, lots of people bounced around between all three companies (that list includes Ron Simmons, Mick Foley, Chris Benoit, Bam Bam Bigelow, Chris Jericho, Raven, Rick & Scott Steiner, Dean Malenko, 2 Cold Scorpio, Eddie Guerrero, Shane Douglas, Rob Van Dam, Ron & Don Harris, Chris Candido, Lance Storm, Jerry Lynn, Tracy Smothers, Marty Jannetty, Mike Awesome, Big Vito, Louie Spicolli, Terry Funk, Public Enemy, and Curtis Hughes).

Overall, if you look at the 500 people involved in the most matches between these three companies, that covers everyone with 30+ appearances. That’s all the people who were involved in 85% of the matches and at least one person who was involved in 99% of all the matches in the dataset.

As of July 2016, 65 of the top 500 wrestlers from the 1992-2001 era have passed away. That’s 13% of the group. More than a third of the wrestlers (25) died before they turned 41.

Many tragically committed suicide including Kerry Von Erich, Renegade, Crash Holly, Mike Awesome, Chris Benoit, Ludvig Borga, Chris Kanyon and Sean O’Haire. Others died from documented drug overdoses including Louie Spicolli, Rick Rude, Bobby Duncum Jr, Curt Hennig, Miss Elizabeth, Joey Maggs, Bam Bam Bigelow, Sensational Sherri, Brian Adams, Mike Bell, Steven Dunn, Andrew Martin, Luna Vachon, Matt Osbourne, Axl Rotten and Chyna.

Some were killed in car accidents such as Junkyard Dog and Bob Bradley and a three people died from cancer (John Tenta, Steve Williams, Hector Garza). Three wrestlers were murdered (Chris Adams, Woman, El Torito) and most famously Owen Hart died in an accident after falling from the rafters during a live pay-per-view.

What’s notable is the number of wrestlers who died from heart issues. One suspects they are linked to years of steroid and drug abuses. Prominent examples include Rick Rude, the Ultimate Warrior, Randy Savage, Ray Traylor, Hercules, Davey Boy Smith and Eddie Guerrero.

As the WWE Wellness policy passes the ten-year mark, wrestling fans hope that the industry will continue to change for the better. The human toll has been remarkable and incredibly sad.

Change is hard. Beyond the components of in-ring athletic competition, WWE is still a cosmetic industry. It’s about changing the mindset of not only the wrestlers, but also the decision-makers.

10.2 (a) WRESTLER represents and warrants that WRESTLER is in sound mental and physical condition; that WRESTLER is suffering from no disabilities or pre-existing conditions or injuries that would impair or adversely affect WRESTLER’s ability to perform professional wrestling services; and that WRESTLER is free from the influence of illegal drugs or controlled substances, which can threaten WRESTLER’s well being and pose a risk of injury to WRESTLER or others. To insure compliance with this warranty, WRESTLER shall abide by any drug policy conveyed to WRESTLER and/or her representative(s) as well as any and all amendments, additions or modifications to any such drug policy, and WRESTLER further consents to sampling and testing, in accordance with any such drug policy. In addition, WRESTLER agrees to submit no less than annually to complete physical examination(s) by a physician either selected or approved by PROMOTER.

-        Stephanie McMahon-Lesvesque’s Booking Contract (10/7/2013)

However, it’s become apparent there is a significant gap in enforcement for the Wellness policy.  

WWE’s talent wellness program does not apply to part-time performers such as Brock Lesnar.

-        Statement by WWE to TMZ (7/26/16) following Lesnar’s failure of two USADA drug tests.

It’s not a surprise that WWE has policy exemptions for certain performers. The surprise that WWE did suspend top star Roman Reigns in June 2016 while admitting that superstar Brock Lesnar was not even subject to the wellness program testing.

Harkening back to that first locker room conversation, Vince McMahon did say the policy would apply to “full-time contracts”. It seems that since the beginning WWE did not intend to subject part-time wrestlers such as The Undertaker, Triple H or McMahons to drug testing.

An unbalanced application of a policy designed to protect the health and well-being of the wrestling talent will lead to unbalanced outcomes.

The WWE Wellness policy is not going to eliminate the epidemic of young wrestler deaths from heart problems and drug overdoses. However, hopefully in a decade from now the numbers of top performers who have died will be significantly lower than the 13% we’ve seen from the 1992-2001 period.

WWE is only one professional wrestling company. The company has publicly admitted that some of their performers are not even being tested. The policy of suspensions, fines and firings is only being selectively enforced while wrestlers work for that one company. Wrestlers, like MMA fighters, have found ways to skirt the tests and maintain superhuman physiques despite the full-year touring and performing schedules. Yet, I have to believe that we are seeing a major change, and a change for the better when it comes to the long-term health of professional wrestlers. We’re seeing an imperfect execution of a complex policy.

Hopefully, public embarrassment from their part-time performer exemptions and an honest concern for performer well-being will motivate WWE to evolve their policy into something stronger and more impactful. However, experience from both the costs involved and the people in charge suggests without another major tragedy, little will truly evolve from what we have today in the near future.

“Top 500” 1992-2001 WWF/WCW/ECW Wrestlers who have died

1993

Kerry Von Erich: 54+ matches; died 02/18/93 at age 33

1998

Bob Bradley: 37+ matches; died 12/15/98 at age 40

Junkyard Dog: 35+ matches; died 06/02/98 at age 45

Louie Spicolli: 214+ matches; died 02/15/98 at age 27

1999

Owen Hart: 1251+ matches; died 05/23/99 at age 34

Renegade: 111+ matches; died 02/23/99 at age 33

Rick Rude: 281+ matches; died 04/20/99 at age 40

2000

Bobby Duncum Jr: 104+ matches; died 01/24/00 at age 34

Yokozuna: 559+ matches; died 10/23/00 at age 34

2001

Bertha Faye: 61+ matches; died 07/27/01 at age 40

Chris Adams: 113+ matches; died 10/07/01 at age 47

Mike Davis: 30+ matches; died 12/26/01 at age 45

Terry Gordy: 65+ matches; died 07/16/01 at age 40

2002

Big Dick Dudley: 97+ matches; died 05/16/02 at age 34

Davey Boy Smith: 840+ matches; died 05/18/02 at age 39

Rocco Rock: 316+ matches; died 09/21/02 at age 49

2003

Crash Holly: 361+ matches; died 11/06/03 at age 32

Curt Hennig: 439+ matches; died 02/01/03 at age 45

Mike Lozansky: 38+ matches; died 12/19/03 at age 36

Miss Elizabeth: 124+ matches; died 05/01/03 at age 42

Pitbull #2: 194+ matches; died 09/25/03 at age 36

Road Warrior Hawk: 345+ matches; died 10/19/03 at age 46

Wall: 121+ matches; died 12/06/03 at age 37

2004

Hercules: 50+ matches; died 03/06/04 at age 48

Ray Traylor: 730+ matches; died 09/22/04 at age 41

2005

Chris Candido: 465+ matches; died 04/28/05 at age 33

Eddie Guerrero: 560+ matches; died 11/13/05 at age 38

2006

Joey Maggs: 99+ matches; died 10/15/06 at age 37

John Tenta: 387+ matches; died 06/07/06 at age 43

Johnny Grunge: 320+ matches; died 02/16/06 at age 40

2007

Bam Bam Bigelow: 765+ matches; died 01/19/07 at age 45

Brian Adams: 741+ matches; died 08/13/07 at age 43

Chris Benoit: 830+ matches; died 06/24/07 at age 40

Mike Awesome: 249+ matches; died 02/17/07 at age 42

Sensational Sherri: 202+ matches; died 06/15/07 at age 49

Woman: 93+ matches; died 06/22/07 at age 43

2008

Mike Bell: 77+ matches; died 12/14/08 at age 38

Steve Bradley: 34+ matches; died 12/04/08 at age 33

2009

Andrew Martin: 474+ matches; died 05/13/09 at age 34

Steve Williams: 66+ matches; died 12/29/09 at age 50

Steven Dunn: 116+ matches; died 03/22/09 at age 48

2010

Chris Kanyon: 328+ matches; died 04/02/10 at age 40

El Gigante: 62+ matches; died 09/22/10 at age 45

Ludvig Borga: 81+ matches; died 01/08/10 at age 47

Luna Vachon: 219+ matches; died 08/27/10 at age 49

Mike Shaw: 131+ matches; died 09/11/10 at age 53

2011

Randy Savage: 564+ matches; died 05/20/11 at age 59

2012

Brad Armstrong: 234+ matches; died 11/01/12 at age 51

Doug Furnas: 138+ matches; died 03/02/12 at age 52

2013

Al Green: 116+ matches; died 06/14/13 at age 58

Hector Garza: 49+ matches; died 05/26/13 at age 44

Mark Starr: 142+ matches; died 06/07/13 at age 50

Matt Osbourne: 190+ matches; died 06/28/13 at age 56

Paul Bearer: 234+ matches; died 03/05/13 at age 59

2014

Jimmy del Ray: 126+ matches; died 12/06/14 at age 52

Sean O'Haire: 109+ matches; died 09/08/14 at age 44

Ultimate Warrior: 120+ matches; died 04/08/14 at age 55

Viscera: 460+ matches; died 02/18/14 at age 43

2015

Dusty Rhodes: 33+ matches; died 06/11/15 at age 70

Roddy Piper: 88+ matches; died 07/31/15 at age 61

Tommy Rogers: 77+ matches; died 06/01/15 at age 54

2016

Axl Rotten: 343+ matches; died 02/04/16 at age 45

Chyna: 323+ matches; died 04/20/16 at age 46

El Torito: 37+ matches; died 01/23/16 at age 49

Iron Mike Sharpe: 74+ matches; died 01/17/16 at age 64

Analysis by Chris Harrington 

@mookieghana

chris.harrington@gmail.com

Will WWE make it big in China?

Commentary by Chris Harrington (@mookieghana) - chris.harrington@gmail.com
Expanding into China is obviously every business' dream. However, building a coherent framework to achieve that goal can be a nightmare.

Here two stories from June 2016 which really spoke to me:

1. WSJ: China’s Content Crackdown Forces Western Media Concessions -- Rules barring foreign media firms from video-streaming licenses are being more strictly enforced
http://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-content-crackdown-forces-western-media-concessions-1465728327

2. NYT: How China Won the Keys to Disney’s Magic Kingdom

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/15/business/international/china-disney.html

The WSJ article details all of the challenges ESPN, Disney and Discovery have run into as they try to launch and run over-the-top streaming services in China. This reinforces all of my concerns that WWE is over-promising their ability to navigate such a Byzantine system of regulations to bring the Network to their final marketplace.

The NYTimes' piece explains all of the groundbreaking concessions that Disney made to work with China on their new Disneyland park including giving up major stakes, apologizing for releasing a movie about Tibet and how Disney is one of the few company whose copyright infringement is being actually perused. (Yet still, Disney's DisneyLife OTT service was suddenly shut down.)

Is WWE running a show in Shanghai? Sure, that's happening on Saturday (September 10). Did John Cena spend years learning Mandarin? Yes. And did WWE recently hire a Chinese pro-wrestler? You betcha.

However, WWE is going to make more than $20 million from their Indian TV deal this year. WWE is going to make more than $80 million from the United Kingdom this year. The scale of what they're going to make in a country like China is a lot, lot, lot financially smaller.

WWE did sign a multi-year deal with PPTV for streaming WWE content in China. They actually had a deal previously, but this was an expansion.

This is not the WWE Network and nor is there a clear plan on how or when they're going to roll out the WWE Network in that country. Look at the January 2016 article in Wired (Netflix May Never Break Into China). If Netflix, the OTT juggernaut, is struggling to deal with the restrictions in that company, do I have confidence that WWE is going to succeed? I only have measured optimism. We have seen WWE adopt different routes-to-market in certain international countries - they signed a 10-year deal with Rogers in Canada, they signed a 5-year deal with OSN in the Middle East, they distribute the WWE Network a premium linear channel in Malaysia with Astro. So, could WWE make deals with Chinese companies to enable distribution of the WWE Network? I guess it's possible but that Wired article still brings up some big red flags: Chinese censorship, crackdown on streaming services, limiting foreign content, etc.

People love to pull out the Shane McMahon card. "Shane's working for WWE! Won't he be able to help them?"

I don't think so.

1. He is no longer the chairman of YOD (You on Demand). He is still a member of the board of directors. However, the annual report for YOD notes that Shane McMahon's agreement had the "customary restrictive covenants regarding non-competition relating to the pay-per-view business in the PRC, non-solicitation of employees and customers and confidentiality."

2. When I wrote an article for Seeking Alpha asking "Does Shane McMahon's Return to Television Include A Corporate WWE Position?", the NYPost quoted my piece. When they asked WWE, their answer was: Shane is merely “playing a character on a TV show.” Similarly, when WWE wrote about executive compensation and mentioned Shane McMahon (since he's family to so many executives) in March, they only referred to him as a television performer.

3. Indeed, Shane's time with YOD wasn't a rousing success. Annual losses for YOD between 2009-2014 were all majorly in the red: the company lost between six million to sixteen million each year. In the end, a Chinese billionaire (Bruno Wu) has come in and basically taken over the company and top positions.

I think the quiet departure of Gerrit Meier (the President of WWE International who left the company in June) says that WWE is restructuring how they attack the international marketplace. (In fact, it was Meier's absence at the China announcements which first raised attention to the fact he was gone.) I can't speak to whether the new strategy is going to be better or not, but it's odd such a top person is gone and they're changing reporting lines. I think we're seeing a centralization where Barrios gains a key position for international strategy and SVP Ed Wells is left in charge for reporting purposes.

Is China a "promising market"? Sure. However, do I think they're going to monetize it heavily in the short-term? They're going to do occasional live events. They're going to do get some revenue from a Raw/Smackdown streaming deal (which is unlikely to be that significant unless we see a huge jump in Digital or TV rights this year coming form China). I think they're smart to do more localization for this marketplace. But if Disney and Netflix are struggling which how to navigate China, that seems like WWE is going to struggle too.

Maybe calling it a pipedream is too strong, but I hope this lays out some of my explanation for skepticism.